The Serum Integrated Test is a prenatal screening for Down syndrome and open neural tube defects. The information below answers some of the common questions women ask about this screening test. We hope you find it helpful. You are welcome to discuss the test with your health care provider before you decide whether you would like to be screened. If you have any further questions, staff at Women & Infants are available to talk with you at (401) 453-7650.
Down syndrome is caused by the presence of an extra chromosome number 21 in the cells of the developing baby. In an unscreened population, about one in every 700 babies is born with Down syndrome. Usually, it is not inherited and so a baby can be affected even if there is no history of Down syndrome in the family. Although Down syndrome occurs more frequently as mothers get older, about 70 percent of babies with Down syndrome are born to women who are younger than 35 years old.
Down syndrome is always associated with moderate to severe developmental disability and is often associated with physical problems such as heart defects and difficulties with sight and hearing. It is not possible to assess the degree of handicap before the baby is born. About nine out of 10 babies with Down syndrome will survive their first year, and nearly half of these will reach 60 years of age.
The two main kinds of open neural tube defects (NTD) are spina bifida and anencephaly. In the unscreened population, about one baby in every 1,000 is born with a neural tube defect.
Open spina bifida is an incomplete closure of the spine. It varies in severity depending on where it's located on the spine and how big the opening is. Surgery to close the opening is usually performed shortly after birth, and additional surgery is often necessary later in infancy or childhood. Open spina bifida usually causes some amount of paralysis from the waist down and interferes with bowel and bladder control. It often leads to a condition called hydrocephalus (water on the brain) and can sometimes cause moderate to severe developmental disability. One of every 10 babies born with open spina bifida will not survive.
Anencephaly is a very severe birth defect in which the brain and the skull fail to develop properly. It results in either stillbirth or death shortly after birth. In about one in every five babies with spina bifida, the spinal opening is covered with skin or thick tissue. This is called closed spina bifida and will not be detected by the blood test. This condition is usually less severe than open spina bifida.
The Serum Integrated Test is performed in two stages.
The first stage is ideally performed at 10 or 11 weeks of pregnancy, but any time between 10 and 13 weeks is acceptable. The second stage is ideally performed at 15 or 16 weeks of pregnancy and no later than 22 weeks.
The first stage involves:
A. An ultrasound examination to precisely determine the gestational age of the pregnancy (alternatively, this dating scan can be done during the second stage of the testing);
B. Taking a blood sample to measure the concentration of the marker, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A); and
C. Telling you the recommended date for taking a second blood sample for the second stage of the test.
The second stage involves:
A. Taking a second blood sample to measure the concentration of the following four markers: alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), unconjugated estriol (uE3), and inhibin-A (inhA);
B. A dating ultrasound, if not already done; and
C. Integrating the measurements from the first and second stages into a single screening result.
The levels of all five markers in your blood are used, together with your age, to estimate your likelihood of having a pregnancy affected by Down syndrome. In pregnancies with Down syndrome, PAPP-A, AFP, and uE3 levels tend to below, and inhA and hCG levels tend to be raised. The level of AFP in the second blood sample is also used to determine if there is an increased likelihood of spina bifida or anencephaly.
By using information from both stages, the test is safer and more effective than a test using information from the first stage alone. It will better distinguish affected from unaffected pregnancies, reducing the chance that a Down syndrome pregnancy is missed, as well as reducing the chance that you will need an invasive diagnostic test, such as an amniocentesis.
The likelihood is the chance of an event occurring. For example, the likelihood of Down syndrome of one in 100 means, we expect that one of these women will have a baby with Down syndrome and that 99 will not. This is the same as saying that the baby has a 1 percent chance of having Down syndrome and a 99 percent chance that it does not.
The results of the test are usually ready within three working days of the second blood sample being taken. Results are sent to your health care provider. Your screening result is either screen positive or screen negative. Screen positive results are telephoned and faxed to your health care provider.
A screen positive result means that you are in a high-likelihood group for having a baby with Down syndrome. If you are in this group, you will be offered a diagnostic test. The result is screen positive if the likelihood of Down syndrome at mid-pregnancy is one in 110 or greater. About five in every 100 women screened will be in this group. Most women with screen-positive results do not have a pregnancy with Down syndrome. For example, of about 50 women with screen-positive results, only one would have an affected pregnancy.
A screen positive result means that you are in a group with an increased likelihood of having a baby with an open neural tube defect. If the result is screen positive, you will be offered an ultrasound examination after 16 weeks of pregnancy, and possibly an amniocentesis. The result is screen positive when the AFP level is equal to or higher than two times the normal level for your stage of pregnancy.
If the likelihood of Down syndrome based on the Serum Integrated Test is lower than one in 110, and the AFP level is less than two times the normal level for your stage of pregnancy, then the result is called screen negative and a diagnostic test is usually not offered. Although a screen negative result means that your likelihood of having a baby with Down syndrome or open neural tube defect is not high, a screen negative result cannot rule out the possibility of a pregnancy with either of these abnormalities.
No. About eight or nine out of 10 cases of Down syndrome are detected (classified as screen positive). This means that one or two out of 10 pregnancies with Down syndrome are missed (classified as screen negative). About four out of five cases of spina bifida are detected, and one out of five is missed. Nearly all cases of anencephaly are detected.
It is uncommon for a woman to have a baby with Down syndrome or an open neural tube defect, and it is even more uncommon for a woman with a screen negative result, but it does sometimes happen. This is because the screening test cannot completely distinguish affected from unaffected pregnancies. However small the likelihood is, the test cannot completely rule out the possibility of the baby having Down syndrome or an open neural tube defect.
Yes, the likelihood of trisomy 18 can be estimated using the Serum Integrated Test. Trisomy 18 (also known as Edwards syndrome) is a usually fatal abnormality caused by the presence of an extra chromosome number 18 in the cells of the developing baby. In the absence of screening, about one in every 7,000 babies is born with trisomy 18. The likelihood of trisomy 18 can be estimated using PAPP-A, AFP, uE3, and hCG, and is reported only when the likelihood is one in 100 or higher. If your likelihood is high, you are offered another ultrasound examination and amniocentesis. This is arranged by your health care provider. The Serum Integrated Test detects six out of 10 pregnancies affected with trisomy 18.
Any woman may have a baby with Down syndrome, but the chance of this happening increases as a woman gets older. Therefore, we use age as one of the factors when assessing your likelihood of having a pregnancy with Down syndrome. It means that an older woman is more likely to have a result in a screen positive and will therefore be offered a diagnostic test. For example, for women under the age of 35, about 4 percent will be screen positive and 75 percent of all Down syndrome pregnancies will be identified. In women who are 35 or older, about 15 percent will be screen positive and about 92 percent of Down syndrome pregnancies will be identified. Overall, about 5 percent of women will be screen positive and about 85 percent of Down syndrome pregnancies will be identified.
If you can't come in for the second blood test, we will not be able to report a screening result for the Serum Integrated Test. We will contact your health care provider after the recommended date for your second blood sample. If we do not receive your second sample by 22 weeks of pregnancy, a Down syndrome likelihood will be given based on information from the first stage only. If you know that you will not be able to submit a second blood sample, you could have screening based on the first blood sample and ultrasound measurement of nuchal translucency, if available. This option should be discussed with your health care provider.
In that case, we will not be able to report a screening result for the Serum Integrated Test. However, you could have a screening test based on the second stage alone beginning when you are 15 weeks pregnant.
It depends on your particular result. If the test is screen positive for Down syndrome or indicates an increased likelihood for trisomy 18, an amniocentesis procedure will be offered, sometimes accompanied by a detailed ultrasound examination. If the test is screen positive for open neural tube defects, a targeted ultrasound examination is most commonly offered, although amniocentesis is often suggested as well.
Amniocentesis is a procedure in which the doctor obtains a small sample of fluid that surrounds the developing baby by passing a fine needle through the abdominal wall and into the uterus, under the guidance of an ultrasound scan. The sample is then sent for laboratory testing. This fluid sample can be used to diagnose chromosome problems like Down syndrome and trisomy 18. An amniocentesis is an invasive procedure, which means that there is a small risk of miscarriage (about one in 200) associated with it. Results of the test for Down syndrome and trisomy 18 usually take one to two weeks. A rapid technique for the diagnosis of Down syndrome and trisomy 18, fluorescence in situ hybridization (or FISH), may be available in your area. FISH results usually take two days. Results for the test for open neural tube defects usually take five to seven days.
Ultrasound machines use sound waves to look at the developing baby. This procedure, called sonography, is often used to check fetal age or whether more than one baby is present. Level II or targeted sonography will provide a detailed examination of portions of the baby's body. It cannot be used to diagnose Down syndrome or trisomy 18, but it can often identify spina bifida and various fetal abnormalities that are associated with Down syndrome or trisomy 18.
No test can guarantee that your baby is free of all birth defects, but if the result of the amniocentesis is negative, it will rule out Down syndrome or other chromosome abnormalities.
A genetic counselor will be available to discuss your baby's diagnosis in detail and the options available to you. One option would be to continue the pregnancy and make arrangements for appropriate medical services at and after delivery. Placing the infant for adoption after birth can also be considered. Another option would be the termination of pregnancy.
If you have additional questions, please speak with your health care provider or call the Women & Infants' Division of Medical Screening and Special Testing at (401) 453-7650.
Copyright © 2023 Care New England Health System